Whole life cycle environmental impact assessment of buildings: Developing software tool and database support for the EU framework Level(s)

The European Commission has published a framework on the environmental sustainability of buildings, called Level(s), a set of indicators addressing the resource efficiency and environmental impact of buildings. This framework is now a key element of European initiatives to develop a circular economy and aims to address whole life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and to drive a renovation wave for existing buildings. Analysis of the whole life cycle environmental impact of buildings, with an emphasis on GHG emissions, is also the focus of initiatives in several EU Member States. To support users, Level(s) was accompanied by a list of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) software tools and databases for calculating such indicators. A need was identified for prac-tical, user-orientated information about the scope, consistency, cost, and accessibility of LCA software tools and databases. Therefore, a list of LCA tools and databases used in Europe for the assessment of the whole life cycle environmental impacts of buildings was compiled in 2017-2020 and their characteristics analysed based on a set of criteria. This paper describes the policy context of Level(s) and discusses criteria that can be used for the characterisation of LCA software tools and databases from the list compiled for Level(s). The methods included a literature review, surveys/interviews, and the co-creation of criteria for the categorization of tools and databases. The results are criteria including construction-specificity, system boundaries & scope, indicators, modelling granularity, methodological adherence to Level(s) and EN standards, data quality, transparency and verification, accessibility, data exchange and interoperability, cost, training and support, as well as additional information. By providing greater visibility regarding the features of tools and databases, this paper contributes to the main-stream use of Level(s) and also to the implementation of key EU policy initiatives aimed at enhancing the environmental sustainability of the built environment, such as the EU Renovation Wave, the New European Bauhaus, and the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities.