Spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation in response to climate variability in the Borana rangelands of southern Ethiopia

In this paper, we analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation and its association with climate variables in the Borana rangelands of southern Ethiopia. Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data, namely, MODIS/TERRA, MOD09Q1 16-day L3 Global 250 m Version 6 from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) United States Geological Survey (USGS), and climate data from 2000 to 2018 obtained from the National Meteorological Agency (NMA) of Ethiopia are used to determine the vegetation dynamics both at annual and seasonal timescales. The results indicate that the NDVI varies between .31 and .41, and the study area is dominated by sparse vegetation, especially shrubs and grasslands. The Borana rangelands were previously dominated by open grasslands, perennial herbaceous and woody vegetations, and some encroaching woody vegetations. The NDVI revealed poorer vegetation growth than the vegetation condition index (VCI) between 2000 and 2018, although variations were observed spatiotemporally. Rainfall was more highly variable both at annual and seasonal scales than the temperature during the studied years. The climate variables significantly determined the condition of vegetation, particularly during the growing seasons compared to other periods. A significant strong positive correlation was observed between the NDVI, VCI, and climate variables during the main (Belg) and short (Meher) rainy seasons in the Borana rangelands. The results of this study are beneficial for the development of proper intervention policies and provide information for sustainable rangeland management.