A DNA vaccine (EG95-PT1/2/3-IL2) encoding multi-epitope antigen and IL-2 provokes efficient and long-term immunity to echinococcosis

Echinococcosis is a highly prevalent global zoonosis, and vaccines are required. The commercial vaccine based on a protein-based subunit (EG95), however, is limited by its insufficient cellular immunity, a short protection period, and limited prevention against novel mutant strains. Herein, we applied bioinformatics to develop a DNA vaccine (pEG95-IL2) expressing both multi-epitope-based antigens (EG95-PT1/2/3) and an IL-2 adjuvant to regulate T cell differentiation and memory cell response. EG95-PT1/2/3 was screened with hierarchical structure prediction from the epitope conformation of B cells with high confidence across various species to guarantee immunogenicity. Importantly, cationic arginine-rich lipid nanoparticles (RNP) were utilized as a delivery vehicle to form lipoplexes that had a transfection efficiency of nearly two orders of magnitude greater than that of commercial reagents (Lipofectamine 2000 and polyethyleneimine) with both immune and nonimmune cells (DC2.4 and L929 cells, respectively). RNP/pEG95-IL2 lipoplexes displayed a robust and long-term antigen expression, as well as adjuvant effects during the immunization. Consequently, intramuscular injection of RNP/ pEG95-IL2 elicited similar humoral immune responses and significantly greater cellular responses in mice when compared with those of the commercial vaccine. In addition, the inoculation protocol of RNP/pEG95-IL2 with sequential booster further strengthens cellular immunity in comparison with the homologous booster. Those findings provide a promising strategy for improving plasmid vaccine efficacy.