The UTUH model: a time-dependent unified hardening constitutive model for unsaturated soils

An advanced constitutive framework for unsaturated soils, the UTUH model, is proposed in this paper, which considers the joint effect of time, suction and overconsolidation within the framework of sub-loading surface plasticity. A reference line, namely the instantaneously normal compression line (INCLs) for unsaturated soils, is introduced from a conceptual framework drawn from constant rates of strain test results to determine creep time and overconsolidation states of unsaturated soils. Subsequently, an isotropic elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model for unsaturated soils is produced by combining viscous deformation with mechanical and hydraulic deformation through overconsolidation parameter. Net stress, suction and time are adopted as fundamental constitutive variables and time-dependent loading collapse yield surface is derived to characterize the relationship between yield stress, suction, and time. Then, an extension to a triaxial stress state is built in the space of mean effective stress, suction, deviator stress and time variable. The hardening of yield surface and sub-loading surface is controlled by viscoplastic volumetric strain and unified hardening parameter. The performance of the proposed UTUH model is addressed through four numerical studies, and the proposed model is validated against experimental data from the literature.