Green preconcentration procedures for the determination of aluminium in bottled beverages prior to electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy: a comparative study with environmental assessment tools

A novel deep eutectic solvent (DES) was synthesized as a green synergistic reagent to reduce extraction time, energy, and increase extraction efficiency. Two procedures were applied to separate and determine the trace amount of aluminium in real bottles of beverage samples. Rapid synergistic-deep eutectic solvent cloud point extraction (RS-DES-CPE) and traditional cloud point extraction (CPE) were used for this purpose. Aluminium ions were chelated in aqueous solution by 2-hydroxy-5-p-tolylazobenzaldehyde in the presence of TritonX-114 at an appropriate PH, then injected on electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy for quantification. The procedure is proven that the developed RS-DES-CPE was straightforward, efficient, and quick. Although the extraction process becomes longer under conventional CPE compared to RS-DES-CPE, the impacts of these methods were carefully examined. The limits of detection for RS-DES-CPE and CPE were 0.01 and 0.1 mu g L-1, respectively, under optimum conditions. Additionally, certified reference material (SLRS-5 milk) was used to assess the accuracy of these methods. In comparison with previously described approaches, the current methods are much more environmentally friendly. On the analytical greenness metric approach scale, the greenness ratings for RS-DES-CPE and CPE were 0.81 and 0.67, respectively. Furthermore, the complementary green analytical procedure index (ComplexGAPI) software was applied to measure environmental friendliness.