An elastase-inhibiting, plaque-targeting and neutrophil-hitchhiking liposome against atherosclerosis

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a crucial role in the formation of vulnerable plaques and the de-velopment of atherosclerosis. Alleviating the pathological process of atherosclerosis by efficiently target-ing neutrophils and inhibiting the activity of neutrophil elastase to inhibit NETs is relatively unexplored and is considered a novel therapeutic strategy with clinical significance. Sivelestat (SVT) is a second -generation competitive inhibitor of neutrophil elastase with high specificity. However, therapeutic effect of SVT on atherosclerosis is restricted because of the poor half-life and the lack of specific targeting. In this study, we construct a plaque-targeting and neutrophil-hitchhiking liposome (cRGD-SVT-Lipo) to im-prove the efficacy of SVT in vivo by modifying the cRGD peptide onto SVT loaded liposome, which was based on the interaction between cRGD peptide and integrin alpha nu beta 3 on the surface of cells in blood and plaque, including epithelial cell, macrophage and neutrophils. The cRGD-SVT-Lipo could actively tend to or hitchhike neutrophils in situ to reach atherosclerotic plaque, which resulted in enhanced atheroscle-rotic plaque delivery. The cRGD-SVT-Lipo could also reduce plaque area, stabilize plaque, and ultimately alleviate atherosclerosis progression through efficiently inhibiting the activity of neutrophil elastase in atherosclerotic plaque. Therefore, this study provides a basis and targeting strategy for the treatment of neutrophil-related diseases. Statement of significance Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)-inhibiting is a prospective therapeutic approach for atherosclero-sis but has received little attention. The NETs can be inhibited by elastase-restraining. In this work, an intriguing system that delivers Sivelestat (SVT), a predominantly used neutrophil elastase inhibitor with poor targeting capability, is designed to provide the drug with plaque-targeting and neutrophil-hitchhiking capability. The result suggests that this system can effectively hinder the formation of NETs and delay the progression of atherosclerosis. (c) 2023 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.