Current clinical trials with non-coding RNA-based therapeutics in malignant diseases: A systematic review

This systematic review aimed to shed light on the trend of current clinical trials of non-coding RNA (ncRNA)-based therapeutics for malignant diseases. We conducted a database search for published literature and ongoing clinical trials using PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, and University Medical Information Network (UMIN) clinical trial registry. To ensure that our review was based on up-to-date clinical trials, we limited our search to literature published within the last five years (January 2017-September 2022). Furthermore, due to the "clinical" nature of our review, we focused only on studies involving human participants. Among ncRNAs, microRNAs have been extensively explored in observational studies of malignant diseases as potential diagnostic markers and prog-nostic predictors, as well as for their therapeutic monitoring and profiling capabilities. As therapeutic agents, microRNA or siRNA were estimated in interventional human clinical trials and showed promising outcomes; however, the number of trials was small. Evidence and ongoing clinical trials in which ncRNAs other than microRNA or siRNA have been evaluated for their potential as therapeutic agents are limited. Here, we sum-marized microRNA as a potential therapeutic agent in malignant diseases, but most of the current evidence suggests that it is useful as a potential biomarker. siRNA is also a promising ncRNA technique in cancer, however more data from clinical trials are warranted for clinical use.