Energy benchmark for energy-efficient path planning of the automated guided vehicle

The automated guided vehicle (AGV) is a piece of promising advanced transport equipment that has been widely used in flexible manufacturing systems to increase productivity and automation. Previous studies about the AGV focused on improving the capacities of perception, navigation, and anti-collision as well as reducing the transport time, cost, and distance, but insufficient attention was paid to the energy consumption (EC) reduction of AGV. The energy benchmark is recognised as an effective analytical methodology and management tool that can improve energy efficiency. None-theless, research on the energy benchmark for the AGV is lacking. To finish a transport task, many AGV path plans are feasible, and we develop an energy benchmark to evaluate each path plan and select the energy-saving one. We also establish a dynamic rating system of energy efficiency which is consistent with the energy-saving potentials of the transport task. The case study shows that the transport EC is reduced by 10.98 %, validating the proposed energy benchmark methodology. In addition, the effects of AGV path plans on the EC of machine tools at the workstations are analysed. Lastly, we explore the relationship between the energy efficiency of AGV path plans and the locations of workstations.