Longitudinal analysis for the risk of depression according to the consumption of sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage in non-diabetic and diabetic population

Studies have presented that high intake of sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage (SSCB) was more associated with the prevalence of depression. However, longitudinal evidence is still insufficient to identify whether the effect of SSCB on incident depression is independent of metabolic factors. Therefore, to evaluate the effect of SSCB consumption on the risk of depression, we analyzed the risk of depression according to the consumption of SSCB in 87,115 working aged Koreans who responded to Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. They were categorized into 5 groups by SSCB consumption based on one serving dose (200 ml) with never/almost never, < 1 serving/week, 1 <= serving/week < 3, 3 <= serving/week < 5, and 5 <= serving/week. During follow-up, CES-D >= 16 was determined as incident depressive symptom. Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for depressive symptom. In analysis for all study participants, the risk of depressive symptom significantly increased proportionally to SSCB consumption (never/ almost never: reference, < 1 serving/week: 1.12 [1.07-1.17], 1 <= similar to < 3 serving/week: 1.26 [1.19-1.33], 3 <= similar to < 5 serving/week: 1.32 [1.23-1.42], and >= 5 serving/week: 1.45 [1.33-1.59]). This association was identically observed in men, women, normal glycemic subgroup and prediabetes subgroup.