Role of Blame and Rape-Related Shame in Distress Among Rape Victims

Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are highly prevalent among rape victims. Both blame (self-blame and victim-blaming responses to rape disclosure) and shame are frequently elevated among rape victims and contribute to PTSD and depression. However, it is unclear which type of shame is relevant. The aim of the current study was to examine the indirect effect of self-blame and victim blame on PTSD and depression via rape-related shame and general shame, in the presence of shame proneness and rape characteristics. Method: Online questionnaires were completed by 229 women who experienced adult rape and had disclosed to at least one person. Results: Findings revealed distinct patterns for PTSD and depression. For PTSD, there was a significant indirect effect of victim blame (and self-blame) via rape-related shame but not via general shame. In contrast, for depression, there was a significant indirect effect of victim blame (and self-blame) via both rape-related shame and general shame. Conclusion: Results emphasized the importance of considering the type of shame (i.e., rape-related shame and general shame) when explaining PTSD and depression among women who experienced rape. Clinical Impact Statement Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder are prevalent among women who experience rape, highlighting the need to identify factors associated with them. Self-blame and receiving victim-blaming messages upon disclosing the experience of rape are associated with higher levels of rape-related shame as well general shame pertaining to personal characteristics, habits, and behavior. Higher levels of rape-related shame are associated with higher levels of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. General shame is associated only with depression. Findings highlight the importance of reducing shame to promote recovery among rape victims.