Influence of varying oil phase volume fractions on the characteristics of flaxseed-derived diglyceride-based Pickering emulsions stabilized by modified soy protein isolate

This research aimed to create Pickering emulsions using modified soy protein isolate (SPI) as a stabilizer and flaxseed-derived diglyceride (DAG) as an oil phase. The SPI was modified through a process involving both heating and ultrasound treatment. The result indicated that the droplet size of emulsions increased with the increase in oil content (p < 0.05). For instance, the largest droplet size (23 <mu>m) was observed at an oil-to-SPI dispersion ratio of 4:1 ratio (phi = 80), whereas the smallest droplet size (6.39 mu m) was noticed at the 1:4 ratio. During the 7-day storage period, the emulsions with a 4:1 ratio (phi = 80) showed the lowest droplet size increase (from 23 mu m to 25.58 mu m). In contrast, the emulsions with a 1:1 ratio displayed the highest increase (from 19.39 mu m to 74.29 mu m). Creaming index results revealed that emulsions with a 4:1 ratio (phi = 80) showed no signs of creaming and phase separation than all other treatments (p < 0.05). Backscattering fluctuations (Delta BS) and turbiscan stability index (TSI) showed that emulsions with 4:1, 2:1, and 1:1 oil-to-SPI dispersion ratios had consistent Delta BS curves with higher and TSI curves with lower values. Optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning, and cryo-scanning electron microscopy revealed that emulsions with oil-to-SPI dispersion ratios of 4:1 and 2:1 had well-organized structures with no visible coalescence. Macromorphological and microrheological investigations demonstrated that emulsions with 80% oil content had the highest viscosity, both moduli, elasticity index, macroscopic viscosity index, and the lowest fluidity index and solid-liquid balance values. Moreover, these emulsions were more resistant to centrifugation and storage environments. In conclusion, the study determined that flaxseed-derived DAG-based high internal phase Pickering emulsions (phi = 80) had superior stability, improved viscoelasticity, and better rheological properties.