Breakfast Skipping is associated with More Deleterious Lifestyle Behaviors among Japanese Men: The TRF-Japan Study Using the Original "Taberhythm" Smartphone Application

Background: Time-restricted eating has been increasingly recognized as a promising option to reduce food intake and combat obesity. Especially in Asian countries such as Japan, because of the wide variety of food choices available, a dietary approach that emphasizes meal timing can be more practical and easier to implement and adhere to, compared with approaches that focus on specific dietary content, such as low-fat or low-carbohydrate diets. Objectives: We aimed to identify eating patterns among Japanese men and women using a smartphone application (app) called "Taberhythm." In addition, we sought to evaluate the relationship of breakfast eating habits with lifestyle behaviors and body mass index, and determine whether sex differences were present. Methods: A total of 3369 smartphone users were eligible to participate in this observational study. Users recorded 1 mo of lifestyle logs using the app; 254 participants (178 women, 38 + 12 y old, body mass index 23.3 + 4.9 kg/m(2)) had sufficient records to calculate daily fasting duration and sleep duration, and were eligible for the analyses. Results: Fasting duration was similar to 12.6 h and was longer in women than men, among participants who never skipped breakfast. Breakfast skipping was associated with longer screen time, and more frequent snacking, only in men. Men with irregular breakfast eating patterns had a longer duration of fasting after awakening that was associated with obesity. Conclusions: We investigated eating patterns among Japanese people using a smartphone app and revealed that skipping breakfast was more deleterious in men than in women.