Consensus and sharing based distributed coordination of home energy management systems with demand response enabled baseboard heaters

The repercussions from excessive penetration of uncoordinated Home Energy Management Systems (HEMSs) have proven to be pernicious in the distribution system regarding contingencies, instabilities, and rebound peaks. This paper aims to design a distributed coordination technique with the required topology to coordinate transactive HEMSs with demand response enabled electric baseboard heater thermostats to avoid the detrimental effects of uncoordinated HEMSs in a residential group. Specifically, the proposed technique establishes a consensus to fulfill individual as well as shared objectives by modifying consumers' consumption patterns. The shared objective is to flatten the aggregated profile and decrease the total cost in the grid. In addition, an incentive policy has been designed to pay a total reward to the team for encouraging consumers to participate in the coordination. The presented coordination technique comprises a Shapley game-based reward -sharing mechanism and an incentive-compatible mechanism, where the team's gain is distributed among the players based on their contribution. Besides, the coordination leads to agents' complementary decision-making and mitigates the grid challenges. The functionality and effectiveness of the proposed coordinated HEMSs algorithm are tested for a set of different case studies based on user preferences and coordination levels. The simulation results indicate that the proposed coordination improves aggregated profile's load factor up to 0.85 and reduces the electricity bill by 21.4%.