Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic potential of Euphorbia royleana extract-mediated silver and copper oxide nanoparticles

The present research demonstrates the first-time successful synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and copper oxide nanoparticles (Cu2O NPs) from Euphorbia royleana pulp extract. The morphological features of synthesized NPs were examined using XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, and TEM. With the presence of surface-bonded phenolic groups, the particle size of Ag NPs and Cu2O NPs (spherical) was revealed to be 20.53 +/- 1.15 nm and 3.06 +/- 0.04 nm, respectively. The DPPH and FRAP assays demonstrated significant antioxidant activity (Ag NPs: 60.44 mu g/mL and 141.86 mu g/mL; Cu2O NPs: 63.55 mu g/mL and 138.9 mu g/mL, respectively). Additionally, Ag and Cu2O NPs showed good antimicrobial activity (31.25 to 500 mu g/mL) against Bacillus subtilis,Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Fusarium oxysporum, and Rosellinia necatrix. Against colon cancer cell lines, nanoparticles showed potent cytotoxic activity (IC50-50.12 mu g/mL for Ag NPs and 61.93 mu g/mL for Cu2O NPs). As a result of their significant biological activities, the synthesized NPs showed potency to be utilized in various biomedical applications after in vivo studies.