Dysregulated ANLN reveals immune cell landscape and promotes carcinogenesis by regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Background: Abnormal anillin (ANLN) expression has been observed in multiple tumours and is closely associated with patient prognosis and clinical features. In this study, we systematically elucidated the clinical significance and biological roles of ANLN in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC).Methods: We obtained transcriptome and clinical data of patients with ccRCC from public databases. Multi-omics data and clinical samples were combined to analyse the correlation between ANLN expression and the clinical characteristics of patients with renal cancer. Additionally, the immune cell landscape of ANLN expression was evaluated using different immune algorithms in the tumour microenvironment. The tumour-promoting potential of ANLN was confirmed using in vitro assays, including CCK8 and Transwell assays.Results: Bioinformatics analysis showed that ANLN is over-expressed in patients with ccRCC, as validated by clinical samples. Publicly available clinical data suggest that high ANLN expression may indicate poor outcomes in patients with ccRCC. Moreover, biological function analysis revealed a marked enrichment of the cell cycle and PI3K-Akt pathways. The distribution of immune cells, particularly M2 macrophages, differed in patients with ccRCC. Furthermore, ANLN silencing inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of renal cancer cells in vitro. After ANLN expression was knocked down in 786-O cells, the protein levels of important PI3K signalling pathway components, including PI3K, Akt, and mTOR, drastically decreased.Conclusions: These findings suggest that ANLN is dysregulated in renal cancer tissues and promotes tumour progression by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway.