A novel peroxymonosulfate activation process by single-atom iron catalyst from waste biomass for efficient singlet oxygen-mediated degradation of organic pollutants

Single-atom dispersed catalysts (SACs) have gained considerable attention in organic contaminants remediation due to their superior reactivity and stability. However, the complex and costly synthesis processes limit their practical applications in environmental protection. Herein, a facile and cost-effective single-atom iron catalyst (Fe-SA/NC) anchored on nitrogen-doped porous carbon was first fabricated by using waste biomass as a carbon source. The Fe-SA/NC catalyst exhibited outstanding performance with a high turnover frequency of 1.72 min-1 toward antibiotics degradation via peroxymonosulfate activation. ECOSAR program and algae growth experi-ments demonstrated that the byproducts produced during the sulfamethoxazole degradation process were not detrimental to the aquatic environment. Radical quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments revealed that Fe-SA/NC remarkably promoted 1O2 production in PMS-assisted reaction, and thus 1O2 contributed as much as 78.77% to sulfamethoxazole degradation. As indicated by experiment and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, FeN2O2 configuration serves as the active site. DFT calculations further presented the most rational generation route of 1O2 as PMS -> OH* -> O* -> 1O2. We also designed Fe-SA/NC embedded spherical pellets for contaminants elimination at the device level. This study offers new insights into the synthesis of SACs from waste biomass and their practical application in environmental remediation.