Modeling the development of a carbon capture and transportation infrastructure for Swedish industry

This work presents and applies a mixed integer programming (MIP) optimization model that minimizes the net present costs for CO2 capture and storage (CCS) systems for cases with defined emissions costs and/or capture targets. The model covers capture from existing large point sources of CO2 emissions in Sweden, liquefaction, intermediate storage and transportation using trucks to hubs on the coast, followed by ship transport to a storage location (excluding storage cost). The results show that the capture and transportation infrastructure, in terms of both the sites chosen for capture and the associated transportation setup, differs depending on whether the system is incentivized to capture biogenic or fossil CO2, or both. Waste-fired combined heat and power (CHP) plants are only chosen for capture at scale when biogenic capture targets and fossil emissions costs are combined, since the emissions from these sites comprise a combination of biogenic and fossil CO2. The value for the system in mitigating the costs from fossil CO2 emissions exceeds the increased cost of BECCS at waste-fired CHPs compared to larger pulp mills given the fossil emissions cost development assumed in this work. Although the cost for capture and liquefaction dominates the total cost of the CCS system, it is not the only factor determining the choice of sites for capture. Proximity to transport hubs with short offshore transportation distances to the final storage location is also an important factor. For the transportation infrastructure, it is shown that the cost for ships is the main cost driver.