Analysis on the dispersion characteristics of surface waves in a layered slope

For landslide detection and monitoring, surface wave methods (such as multichannel analysis of surface waves and array microtremor measurements), can be exploited to infer the subsurface shear-wave velocity (V-S), which is a key physical parameter for calculating the soil vulnerability index and slope stability. To facilitate imple-mentation, the seismic sources and geophones of survey lines traversing the slope of a landslide are commonly deployed along the direction of gravity. Considering that single (vertical)-geophones are extensively utilized in a variety of practical applications, it is meaningful to analyze the dispersion characteristics of the gravity-oriented component in a layered slope. Based on the stiffness matrix method and a coordinate rotation, we derive an explicit relationship for the gravity-oriented component in a layered slope. We further analyze the dispersion characteristics of the gravity-oriented component in three typical layered slopes by using a new developed tool comprising a seismic wavefield simulation and a modified frequency-Bessel transform. The results show that the dispersion spectra of the gravity-oriented component may be contaminated by Love waves, which can cause the Rayleigh wave dispersion curves to be misidentified. As the slope angle and the included angle between the survey line and dip direction increase, Love waves interfere more with the dispersion spectra of the gravity-oriented component. Numerical experiments indicate that if the slope angle is <17 degrees or the angle between the survey line and dip direction is kept below a certain reasonable threshold, the dispersion spectra of the gravity-oriented component are determined mainly by Rayleigh waves. Moreover, we propose an azimuth filter method to suppress the interference of Love waves for passive surface wave dispersion measurements. The presented method offers useful guidance and emphasizes the great potential of surface wave methods in landslide detection and monitoring applications.