Concentrations of S100B and neurofilament light chain in blood as biomarkers for checkpoint inhibitor-induced CNS inflammation

Background Cancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) can cause immune -related adverse events in the central nervous system (CNS irAE). There are no blood biomarkers to detect CNS irAE. We investigated if concentrations of S100 -calcium -binding protein B (S100B) and neurofilament light chain (NfL) in blood can be used as biomarkers for CNS irAE and assessed the incidence of CNS irAE in a cohort of ICI -treated patients. Methods In this single -centre, retrospective cohort study, we examined medical records and laboratory data of 197 consecutive patients treated with combined CTLA-4 and PD -1 inhibition (ipilimumab; ipi + nivolumab; nivo) for metastatic melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. CNS irAE was diagnosed using established criteria. Concentrations of S100B and NfL in blood were measured in patients with CNS irAE and in 84 patients without CNS irAE. Findings Nine of 197 patients (4.6%) fulfilled criteria for CNS irAE. S100B and NfL in blood increased during CNS inflammation and normalized during immunosuppression. CNS irAE was detected with a sensitivity of 100% (S100B) and 79% (NfL) and a specificity of 89% (S100B) and 74% (NfL). Patients with CNS irAE had simultaneous increased concentration of C -reactive protein (CRP) (9/9) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in blood (8/9). Interpretation Analysis of S100B, NfL and CRP in blood facilitates the diagnosis of CNS irAE. CNS irAE may be more common than previously reported. There may be shared immune mechanisms between CNS and hepatitis irAE.