Novel cell-based strategies for immunomodulation in vascularized composite allotransplantation

Purpose of reviewVascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) has become a clinical reality in the past two decades. However, its routine clinical applications are limited by the risk of acute rejection, and the side effects of the lifelong immunosuppression. Therefore, there is a need for new protocols to induce tolerance and extend VCA survival. Cell- based therapies have emerged as an attractive strategy for tolerance induction in VCA. This manuscript reviews the current strategies and applications of cell-based therapies for tolerance induction in VCA.Recent findingsCellular therapies, including the application of bone marrow cells (BMC), mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), adipose stem cells, regulatory T cells (Treg) cells, dendritic cells and donor recipient chimeric cells (DRCC) show promising potential as a strategy to induce tolerance in VCA. Ongoing basic science research aims to provide insights into the mechanisms of action, homing, functional specialization and standardization of these cellular therapies. Additionally, translational preclinical and clinical studies are underway, showing encouraging outcomes.SummaryCellular therapies hold great potential and are supported by preclinical studies and clinical trials demonstrating safety and efficacy. However, further research is needed to develop novel cell-based immunosuppressive protocol for VCA.