Micronutrients deficiency. Current circumstance in early life and its impact on health and economy

The concept of the "quadruple burden of malnutrition" refers to the isolated or combined existence of four challenges in the field of human nutrition: 1) energy-protein malnutrition, 2) obesity, 3) malhydration, and 4) deficiency of one or severa micronutrients. Malnutrition deficiency, also called "hidden hunger" or for the authors micronutrientopenia, represents a global health problem, negatively impacts development, physical and mental well-being, productivity and the potential development of a better quality of life. Unlike malnutrition, the health effects derived from DM tend to be silent or of low expression and frequently underestimated. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 2 billion people suffer from DM worldwide. This problem is especially common in low- and middle-income economies, where it particularly affects pregnant women and infants. In this manuscript we review how micronutrient deficiency ("micronutrientopenia") affects early life and its impact on health and the economy, so we propose to show the epidemiological significance of these deficiencies both globally and nationally, their level of impact biological and economic, as well as their opportunities for action.