Pressure drag reduction via imposition of spanwise wall oscillations on a rough wall

The present study tests the efficacy of the well-known viscous drag reduction strategy of imposing spanwise wall oscillations to reduce pressure drag contributions in transitional and fully rough turbulent wall flow. This is achieved by conducting a series of direct numerical simulations of a turbulent flow over two-dimensional (spanwise-aligned) semi-cylindrical rods, placed periodically along the streamwise direction with varying streamwise spacing. Surface oscillations, imposed at fixed viscous-scaled actuation parameters optimum for smooth wall drag reduction, are found to yield substantial drag reduction (greater than or similar to 25 %) for all the rough wall cases, maintained at matched roughness Reynolds numbers. While the total drag reduction is due to a drop in both viscous and pressure drag in the case of transitionally rough flow (i.e. with large inter-rod spacing), it is associated solely with pressure drag reduction for the fully rough cases (i.e. with small inter-rod spacing), with the latter being reported for the first time. The study finds that pressure drag reduction in all cases is caused by the attenuation of the vortex shedding activity in the roughness wake, in response to wall oscillation frequencies that are of the same order as the vortex shedding frequencies. Contrary to speculations in the literature, this study confirms that the mechanism behind pressure drag reduction, achieved via imposition of spanwise oscillations, is independent of the viscous drag reduction. This mechanism is responsible for weakening of the Reynolds stresses and increase in base pressure in the roughness wake, explaining the pressure drag reduction observed by past studies, across varying roughness heights and geometries.