An extensive investigation on leveraging machine learning techniques for high-precision predictive modeling of CO2 emission

Predictive analytics utilizing machine learning algorithms play a pivotal role in various domains, including the profiling of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This research paper delves into an extensive exploration of different algorithms, encompassing neural networks with diverse architectures, optimization, training, ensemble, and specialized algorithms. The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the efficacy of supervised and unsupervised algorithms, including Deep Belief Networks, Feed Forward Neural Networks, Gradient Boosting, and Regression, as well as Convolutional Neural Networks, Gaussian, Grey, and Markov models, and clustering and optimization algorithms. The study places particular emphasis on data-driven methodologies and cross-validation techniques with an evaluation of the learning models entailing comprehensive training, validation, and testing, employing evaluation metrics such as R2, MAE, and RMSE. The study employs correlation analysis to examine the relationship between input parameters and emission characteristics. The research highlights the advantageous attributes of these algorithms in accurately forecasting CO2 emissions, evaluating energy sources, improving prediction accuracy, and estimating emissions. Notably, deep learning, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Support Vector Machines (SVM) demonstrate effectiveness across diverse industries, while the Modified Regularized Fast Orthogonal-Extreme Learning Machine (MRFO-ELM) algorithm optimizes predictions specifically related to coal chemical emissions. Hybrid techniques demonstrate accuracy in predicting carbon emissions and energy consumption, whereas gray prediction models provide reliable estimates even with limited data. However, it is important to acknowledge certain limitations, including data requirements, potential inaccuracies arising from complex factors, constraints faced by developing countries, and the impact of electric vehicle expansion on the power grid. To optimize models, a survey is conducted, involving customization of parameters and learning rates, while exploring various performance metrics to evaluate model accuracy. The research outcomes contribute to the effective monitoring of CO2 emissions in operational environments, thereby aiding executive decision-making processes.