Accounting for Solvation Correlation Effects on the Thermodynamics of Water Networks in Protein Cavities

Hydrogen as an important clean energy source with a high energy density has attracted extensive attention in fuel cell vehicles and industrial production. However, considering its flammable and explosive property, gas sensors are desperately desired to efficiently monitor H2 concentration in practical applications. Herein, a facile polymerization-induced aggregation strategy was proposed to synthesize uniform Si-doped mesoporous WO3 (Si-mWO3) microspheres with tunable sizes. The polymerization of the melamine-formaldehyde resin prepolymer (MF prepolymer) in the presence of silicotungstic acid hydrate (abbreviated as H4SiW) leads to uniform MF/H4SiW hybrid microspheres, which can be converted into Si-mWO3 microspheres through a simple thermal decomposition treatment process. In addition, benefiting from the pore confinement effect, monodispersed Pd-decorated Si-mWO3 microspheres (Pd/Si-mWO3) were subsequently synthesized and applied as sensitive materials for the sensing and detection of hydrogen. Owing to the oxygen spillover effect of Pd nanoparticles, Pd/SimWO3 enables adsorption of more oxygen anions than pure mWO3. These Pd nanoparticles dispersed on the surface of Si-mWO3 accelerated the dissociation of hydrogen and promoted charge transfer between Pd nanoparticles and WO3 crystal particles, which enhanced the sensing sensitivity toward H2. As a result, the gas sensor based on Pd/Si-mWO3 microspheres exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity (Rair/Rgas = 33.5) to 50 ppm H2 at a relatively low operating temperature (210 degrees C), which was 30 times higher than that of the pure Si-mWO3 sensor. To develop intelligent sensors, a portable sensor module based on Pd/Si-mWO3 in combination with wireless Bluetooth connection was designed, which achieved real-time monitoring of H2 concentration, opening up the possibility for use as intelligent H2 sensors.