Replication of Porcine Astrovirus Type 1-Infected PK-15 Cells In Vitro Affected by RIG-I and MDA5 Signaling Pathways

Astroviruses (AstVs) are widespread and can infect multiple species. Porcine astroviruses produce mainly gastroenteritis and neurological diseases in pigs. The interferon (IFN) system is an extremely powerful antiviral response in animal cells. The subsequent effects caused by porcine astrovirus type 1 (PAstV1) IFN activation are important for the host's response to viral infections. Here, we show that this virus, which causes mild diarrhea, growth retardation, and damage of the villi of the small intestinal mucosa in piglets, induces an IFN response upon infection of PK-15 cells. Although IFN-beta mRNA was detected within infected cells, this response usually occurs during the middle stages of infection, after genome replication has taken place. Treatment of PAstV1-infected cells with the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) inhibitor BX795 decreased IFN-beta expression, whereas the nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kappa B) inhibitor BAY11-7082 did not. These findings indicate that PAstV induced the production of IFN-beta via IRF3-mediated rather than NF-kappa B-mediated signaling pathways in PK-15 cells. Moreover, PAstV1 increased the protein expression levels of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) in PK-15 cells. The knockdown of RIG-I and MDA5 decreased the expression levels of IFN-beta and the viral loads and increased the infectivity of PAstV1. In conclusion, PAstV1 induced the production of IFN-beta via the RIG-I and MDA5 signaling pathways, and the IFN-beta produced during PAstV1 infection inhibited viral replication. These results will help provide new evidence that PAstV1-induced IFNs may protect against PAstV replication and pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Astroviruses (AstVs) are widespread and can infect multiple species. Porcine astroviruses produce mainly gastroenteritis and neurological diseases in pigs. However, astrovirus-host interactions are less well studied, particularly with respect to their antagonism of IFN. Here, we report that PAstV1 acts via IRF3 transcription pathway activation of IFN-beta. In addition, the knockdown of RIG-I and MDA5 attenuated the production of IFN-beta induced by PAstV1 in PK-15 cells and increased efficient viral replication in vitro. We believe that these findings will help us to better understand the mechanism of how AstVs affect the host IFN response.