Kinesiophobia Is Associated With Poor Function and Modifiable Through Interventions in People With Patellofemoral Pain: A Systematic Review With Individual Participant Data Correlation Meta-Analysis

Objective The aim of this systematic review and correlation meta-analysis was to identify factors associated with kinesiophobia in individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP) and to identify interventions that may reduce kinesiophobia in individuals with PFP.Methods Seven databases were searched for articles including clinical factors associated with kinesiophobia or interventions that may reduce kinesiophobia in individuals with PFP. Two reviewers screened articles for inclusion, assessed risk of bias and quality, and extracted data from each study. A mixed-effects model was used to calculate correlations of function and pain with kinesiophobia using individual participant data. Meta-analyses were performed on interventional articles; Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation was used to evaluate certainty of evidence. Results were reported narratively when pooling was not possible.Results Forty-one articles involving 2712 individuals were included. Correlation meta-analyses using individual participant data indicated a moderate association between self-reported function and kinesiophobia (n = 499; r = -0.440) and a weak association between pain and kinesiophobia (n = 644; r = 0.162). Low-certainty evidence from 2 articles indicated that passive treatment techniques were more effective than minimal intervention in reducing kinesiophobia (standardized mean difference = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.72 to 1.49). Very low-certainty evidence from 5 articles indicated that interventions to target kinesiophobia (psychobehavioral interventions, education, and self-managed exercise) were better in reducing kinesiophobia than physical therapist treatment approaches not specifically targeting kinesiophobia (standardized mean difference = 1.64; 95% CI = 0.14 to 3.15).Conclusion Higher levels of kinesiophobia were moderately associated with poorer function and weakly associated with higher pain in individuals with PFP. Taping and bracing may reduce kinesiophobia immediately after use, and specific kinesiophobia-targeted interventions may reduce kinesiophobia following the full intervention; however, the certainty of evidence is very low.Impact Assessment of kinesiophobia in clinical practice is recommended, on the basis of the relationships identified between kinesiophobia and other important factors that predict outcomes in individuals with PFP.