17O solid state NMR as a valuable tool for deciphering reaction mechanisms in mechanochemistry: the case study on the 17O-enrichment of hydrated Ca-pyrophosphate biominerals

The possibility of enriching in O-17 the water molecules within hydrated biominerals belonging to the Ca-pyrophosphate family was investigated, using liquid assisted grinding (LAG) in the presence of O-17-labelled water. Two phases with different hydration levels, namely triclinic calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (Ca2P2O7 center dot 2H(2)O, denoted t-CPPD) and monoclinic calcium pyrophosphate tetrahydrate (Ca2P2O7 center dot 4H(2)O, denoted m-CPPT beta) were enriched in O-17 using a "post-enrichment" strategy, in which the non-labelled precursors were ground under gentle milling conditions in the presence of stoichiometric quantities of O-17-enriched water (introduced here in very small volumes similar to 10 mu L). Using high-resolution O-17 solid-state NMR (ssNMR) analyses at multiple magnetic fields, and dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP)-enhanced O-17 NMR, it was possible to show that the labelled water molecules are mainly located at the core of the crystal structures, but that they can enter the lattice in different ways, namely by dissolution/recrystallisation or by diffusion. Overall, this work sheds light on the importance of high-resolution O-17 NMR to help decipher the different roles that water can play as a liquid-assisted grinding agent and as a reagent for O-17-isotopic enrichment.