Student Engagement Using HoloLens Mixed-Reality Technology in Human Anatomy Laboratories for Osteopathic Medical Students: an Instructional Model

Mixed-reality technology is a powerful tool used in healthcare and medical education to engage students in life-like scenarios. This blend of virtual and augmented reality images incorporates virtual projections with the real environment to allow real-time observation and interaction [1]. While this immersive technology offers advantages over cadaver dissections, it creates new challenges to keeping students engaged [2, 3]. Student engagement improves students' commitment to learning, critical thinking, and motivation and results in successful course outcomes [4, 5]. This paper provides an activity model using the HoloLens mixed-reality technology to deliver human gross anatomy laboratory sessions to first-year osteopathic medical students. The activity was designed using Gagne's model for instructional design and team-based learning to create an active learning model, which targets the behavioral, emotional, and cognitive dimensions of student engagement [6, 7]: behavioral engagement through autonomy and time on task, emotional engagement through providing the guiding exploration and narrative flow to accompany students' visual experience, and cognitive engagement by incorporating team-based learning (TBL) and case-based learning (CBL). The instructional model also answers the call for a new type of virtual reality instructor and pedagogical strategy that addresses the unique challenges and increases student engagement with this new technology. The effectiveness of this classroom activity was assessed by observing students for indicators or behaviors of student engagement, which are discussed. Further studies are required to measure the extent to which these indicators were exhibited and compare student engagement with this mixed-reality to didactic cadaver-based laboratory sessions.