Early silvicultural intervention affects species dominance in efforts to restore pine-hardwood mixedwoods following stand-replacing disturbance

Interest in replacing monocultures with species diverse stands has steadily grown. Mixedwoods (stands containing a balance of conifer and hardwood species) represent an alternative to monocultures and occur naturally through forest succession on most sites in eastern North America. In the central and southeastern United States, mixedwoods were generally dominated by pine and upland oak species. However, a combination of anthropogenic land use legacies has allowed fire-sensitive species to establish creating an opportunity for different mixedwood types to develop (e.g., pine-oak, pine-poplar, pine-gum). While any mixedwoods combination would increase tree species diversity relative to a monoculture, interest exists in whether silvicultural intervention can improve the performance of individual species to promote the development of different mixture types based on specific management objectives (e.g., wildlife habitat, timber quality, drought resistance). To address this question, we established an experiment examining the response of juvenile volunteer loblolly pine and six planted hardwood species (northern red oak, white oak, sweetgum, blackgum, yellow-poplar, and mockernut hickory to four silvicultural treatments (controlled release hardwood fertilization, coppicing, coppicing + broadcast fertilization, and planted control) in northern Mississippi, USA. Four-years post-planting, our results demonstrate that all treatments produced loblolly pine-hardwood codominance; however, hardwood dominance varied among treatments. In the planted control, loblolly pine and sweetgum were the co-dominant species, and statistically outgrew all species except yellow-poplar. Mockernut hickory (+ 40%), yellow-poplar (+ 23%), and blackgum (+ 15%) seedling height increased in controlled release fertilization compared to the planted control; however, apart from northern red oak, seedling survival of all hardwood species was less than 50%. The controlled release hardwood fertilization treatment was co-dominated by loblolly pine, yellow-poplar, and sweetgum. Sprouting in the coppiced treatment (89%) statistically exceeded that in the coppiced + broadcast fertilization treatment (73%), but did not vary among species. In general, coppicing reduced sprout height and survival relative to seedlings in the planted control, and promoted loblolly pine, yellow poplar, and sweetgum co-dominance. Coppicing + broadcast fertilization consistently reduced sprout survival compared to the planted control. However, trends in seedling height were mixed, with northern red oak (+ 14%) showing the largest improvement, and volunteer loblolly pine the largest decline (- 34%). Moreover, coppicing + broadcast fertilization produced the most species diverse outcome featuring yellowpoplar, loblolly pine, sweetgum, and northern red oak in co-dominant growing positions. Collectively, these results indicate that sweetgum and loblolly pine are likely to be prominent species in contemporary mixedwoods regardless of treatment. However, more species-diverse mixtures may be promoted by coppicing and broadcast fertilizing early in stand development.