Transition to battery-electric and fuel cell heavy-duty trucks: A multi-level, multi-dimensional approach

Battery electric (BE-HDT) and fuel cell heavy-duty trucks (FC-HDT) as niche products have the potential to decarbonize road freight transportation, but widespread introduction is challenging. Scientific research on this transition remains scarce, and studies including hydrogen are very limited. Successful changes in long-established regimes require multiple processes, and therefore, the multi -level perspective (MLP) is extended with the PESTLE analysis. Through this multi -level, multi -dimensional approach, the political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental dimensions underpin a systematic identification of factors in niches, socio-technical regimes, and exogenous landscapes. The research design draws on 40 high-level expert interviews, highlighting the complex change process through 27 indicators. Identified opportunities, barriers, and recommendations for action assist in formulating transition strategies. Conflicting expectations require a cooperative approach, as cost -neutrality to internal combustion engine heavy-duty trucks (ICE-HDT) is frequently debated and range extension a relative factor. Policymakers need to create optimal framework conditions for investing, profit -oriented companies.