Primary School-Aged Children's Physical Activity Level, Eating Habit, and Sleeping Pattern Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia

Background and objective This study aims to explore the effect of physical distancing on physical activity, eating habits, and sleeping patterns among Indonesian primary schoolchildren during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted from October to December 2020, involving 489 primary schoolchildren. Parents/caregivers were queried about changes in their children's physical activity (utilizing the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children - PAQ-C), eating habits (via a questionnaire modified from Southeast Asian Nutrition Surveys - SEANUTS), and sleeping patterns (assessed using the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire - CSHQ) both before and during the pandemic. Various sociodemographic characteristics and income status were also obtained. Paired univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted where applicable. Results In comparison to the period before the pandemic, both the PAQ-C score and active proportion significantly decreased during the pandemic (P = 0.000). Children consumed more snacks (322, 65.8%) but less canned and processed foods (180, 36.8%, and 128, 26.2%, respectively). Sleep duration and sufficiency increased significantly, with a CSHQ score mean of 48.62 +/- 9.88 (P = 0.000, P = 0.004), and sleep disturbance was observed in 391 (79.96%) subjects. Conclusions Children were physically less active during the COVID-19 pandemic. They also experienced variable changes in eating habits based on parental employment, family income and expenses, and the presence of governmental support. While more children had longer sleep duration and more achieved the recommended sleep time, sleep disturbance happened in most subjects.