Architecture-Driven Physics-Informed Deep Learning for Temperature Prediction in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing With Limited Data

Physics-informed deep learning (PIDL) is one of the emerging topics in additive manufacturing (AM). However, the success of previous PIDL approaches is generally significantly dependent on the existence of massive datasets. As the data collection in AM is usually challenging, a novel Architecture-driven PIDL structure named APIDL based on the deep unfolding approach for limited data scenarios has been proposed in the current study for predicting thermal history in the laser powder bed fusion process. The connections in this machine learning architecture are inspired by iterative thermal model equations. In other words, each iteration of the thermal model is mapped to a layer of the neural network. The hyper-parameters of the APIDL model are tuned, and its performance is analyzed. The APIDL for 1000 points with 80:20 split ratio achieves testing mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 2.8% and R-2 value of 0.936. The APIDL is compared with the artificial neural network, extra trees regressor (ETR), support vector regressor, and long short-term memory algorithms. It was shown that the proposed APIDL model outperforms the others. The MAPE and R-2 of APIDL are 55.7% lower and 15.6% higher than the ETR, which had the best performance among other pure machine learning models.