Secondary Mitral Regurgitation: Cardiac Remodeling, Diagnosis, and Management

Secondary mitral regurgitation (MR) refers to MR resulting from left ventricular or left atrial remodeling. In ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular dilation (regional or global) leads to papillary muscle displacement, tethering, and leaflet malcoaptation. In atrial functional MR, MR occurs in patients with left atrial dilation and altered mitral annular geometry due to atrial fibrillation. In addition to cardiac remodeling, leaflet remodeling is increasingly recognized. Mitral leaflet tissue actively adapts through leaflet growth to ensure adequate coaptation. Leaflets, however, can also undergo maladaptive thickening and fibrosis, leading to increased stiffness. The balance of cardiac and leaflet remodeling is a key determinant in the development of secondary MR. Clinical management starts with detection, severity grading, and identification of the underlying mechanism, which relies heavily on echocardiography. Treatment of secondary MR consists of guideline-directed medical therapy, surgical repair or replacement, and transcatheter edge-to-edge repair. Based on a better un-derstanding of pathophysiology, novel percutaneous mitral repair and replacement devices have been developed and clinical trials are underway.