Characterization, bioactivity, antibacterial and cytotoxicity of inexpensive soda-lime-silica glass/tetracalcium phosphate composites

Composite biomaterials were created by sintering soda-lime-silica glass powder and tetracalcium phosphate powder. Sintering of the samples at 1200 degrees C/2h led to the formation of wollastonite, calcium phosphate, and cristobalite before soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF). However, after soaking for two weeks in SBF the hydroxyapatite, wollastonite, and cristobalite phases appeared with relatively intense in hydroxyapatite phase on sample surfaces. The microstructure shows micro-scale particles on the sample surface after soaking in SBF. The bulk densities and porosities were within 1.82453-1.9672 g/cm(3) and 15.0621-34.1657 % respectively whereas compressive strength values were between 42.79 and 111.26 MPa. Since the increase of the porosity in the direction of high addition of phosphate portion while strengths were high in opposite values. The biocompatibility in SBF increases with increasing the SLS glass portion and the SEM micrographs show fine spherical crystals, within 20-200 nm, of hydroxyapatite phase on composite surfaces. The FTIR spectrum after soaking in SBF indicates the presence of phosphate bands in all samples and the intensity of these bands increases as the SLS glass percentage increases. The degradation of composite samples decreases in the direction of an increase in the phosphate portion which led to a decrease in the porosity and an increase in both density and strength. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, the two examined bacteria, both showed the establishment of growth inhibition zones in the disk diffusion assay. All samples were shown to be biocompatible by the cytotoxicity test conducted on the human normal fibroplast cell line (BJ1). In light of this, the cytotoxicity analysis demonstrated that the highest soda-lime-silica glass sample (SLP55), which has potential uses in the dental and bone fields, was entirely safe for use with the human normal fibroplast cell line (BJ1).