Unmasking the tumourigenic role of SIN1/MAPKAP1 in the mTOR complex 2

BackgroundAlthough the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is one of the most altered pathways in human tumours, therapies targeting this pathway have shown numerous adverse effects due to positive feedback paradoxically activating upstream signaling nodes. The somewhat limited clinical efficacy of these inhibitors calls for the development of novel and more effective approaches for targeting the PI3K pathway for therapeutic benefit in cancer.Main bodyRecent studies have shown the central role of mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) as a pro-tumourigenic factor of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in a number of cancers. SIN1/MAPKAP1 is a major partner of mTORC2, acting as a scaffold and responsible for the substrate specificity of the mTOR catalytic subunit. Its overexpression promotes the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of certain cancers whereas its inhibition decreases tumour growth in vitro and in vivo. It is also involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stress response and lipogenesis. Moreover, the numerous interactions of SIN1 inside or outside mTORC2 connect it with other signaling pathways, which are often disrupted in human tumours such as Hippo, WNT, Notch and MAPK.ConclusionTherefore, SIN1's fundamental characteristics and numerous connexions with oncogenic pathways make it a particularly interesting therapeutic target. This review is an opportunity to highlight the tumourigenic role of SIN1 across many solid cancers and demonstrates the importance of targeting SIN1 with a specific therapy. SIN1 is a cornerstone subunit of mTORC2, stabilizing the complex and regulating its substrate specificity.SIN1 upregulation and overexpression are associated with many types of cancer and drive tumourigenesis.SIN1 is connected with other signaling pathways disrupted in cancer: Hippo, WNT, Notch, RAS and MAPK.SIN1 is an ideal therapeutic target to specifically inhibit mTORC2 in cancer cellsimage.