Rediscovering Don Swanson:The Past,Present and Future of Literature-based Discovery

Purpose: The late Don R.Swanson was well appreciated during his lifetime as Dean of the Graduate Library School at University of Chicago,as winner of the American Society for Information Science Award of Merit for 2000,and as author of many seminal articles.In this informal essay,I will give my personal perspective on Don’s contributions to science,and outline some current and future directions in literature-based discovery that are rooted in concepts that he developed.Design/methodology/approach: Personal recollections and literature review.Findings: The Swanson A-B-C model of literature-based discovery has been successfully used by laboratory investigators analyzing their findings and hypotheses.It continues to be a fertile area of research in a wide range of application areas including text mining,drugrepurposing,studies of scientific innovation,knowledge discovery in databases,and bioinformatics.Recently,additional modes of discovery that do not follow the A-B-C model have also been proposed and explored(e.g.so-called storytelling,gaps,analogies,link prediction,negative consensus,outliers,and revival of neglected or discarded research questions).Research limitations: This paper reflects the opinions of the author and is not a comprehensive nor technically based review of literature-based discovery.Practical implications: The general scientific public is still not aware of the availability of tools for literature-based discovery.Our Arrowsmith project site maintains a suite of discovery tools that are free and open to the public(http://arrowsmith.psych.uic.edu),as does BITOLA which is maintained by Dmitar Hristovski(http://http://ibmi.mf.uni-lj.si/bitola),and Epiphanet which is maintained by Trevor Cohen(http://epiphanet.uth.tmc.edu/).Bringing user-friendly tools to the public should be a high priority,since even more than advancing basic research in informatics,it is vital that we ensure that scientists actually use discovery tools and that these are actually able to help them make experimental discoveries in the lab and in the clinic.Originality/value: This paper discusses problems and issues which were inherent in Don’s thoughts during his life,including those which have not yet been fully taken up and studied systematically.