Turbulent mechanisms in open channel sediment-laden flows

The effects of turbulence on water-sediment mixtures is a critical issue in studying sediment-laden flows.The sediment concentrations and particle inertia play a significant role in the effects of turbulence on mixtures.A two-phase mixture turbulence model was applied to investigate the turbulence mechanisms affecting sediment-laden flows.The two-phase mixture turbulence model takes into account the complicated mechanisms arising from interphase transfer of turbulent kinetic energy,particle collisions,and stratification.The turbulence in sediment-laden flows is the result of the interaction of four factors,i.e.the production,dissipation,diffusion,and inter-phase transfer of turbulent kinetic energy of mixtures.The turbulence production and dissipation are two dominant processes which balance the turbulent kinetic energy of mixtures.The turbulence production represents turbulence intensity,while the inter-phase transfer of turbulent kinetic energy denotes the effect of particles on the turbulence of sediment-laden flows.Although,the magnitude of the inter-phase interaction term is much less than that of the turbulence production and dissipation terms,due to an approximate local balance between production and dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy,even the small order of the inter-phase interaction has a significant impact on the turbulent balance of sediment-laden flows.The presence of particles plays a duel role in the turbulence dissipation of mixtures:both promotion and suppression.An important parameter used to determine the turbulent viscosity of mixtures,which is constant in clear water,is the function of the sediment concentration and particle inertia in sediment-laden flows.