Co-exposure of sulfur nanoparticles and Cu alleviate Cu stress and toxicity to oilseed rape Brassica napus L.

Experiments were performed to explore the impact of sulfur nanoparticles(SNPs) on growth,Cu accumulation,and physiological and biochemical responses of oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.) inoculated with 5 mg/L Cu-amended MS medium supplemented with or without300 mg/L SNPs exposure.Cu exerted severe phytotoxicity and inhibited plant growth.SNPs application enhanced the shoot height,root length,and dry weight of shoot and root by34.6%,282%,41.7%and 37.1%,respectively,over Cu treatment alone,while the shoot and root Cu contents and Cu-induced lipid perodixation as the malondialdehyde(MDA) levels in shoots and roots were decreased by 37.6%,35%,28.4%and 26.8%.Further,the increases in superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT),ascorbate peroxidase(APX),glutathione reductase(GR) and glutathione S-transferase(GST) enzyme activities caused by Cu stress were mitigated in shoots(10.9%–37.1%) and roots(14.6%–35.3%) with SNPs addition.SNPs also positively counteracted the negative effects on shoot K,Ca,P,Mg,Mn,Zn and Fe contents and root K,Ca,Mg and Mn contents from Cu exposure alone,and significantly promoted the nutrients accumulation in plant.Additionally,in comparison with common bulk sulfur particles(BSPs) and sulfate,SNPs showed more positive effects on promoting growth in shoots(6.7%and 19.5%) and roots(10.9%and 15.1%),as well as lowering the shoot Cu content(40.1%and 43.3%) under Cu stress.Thus,SNPs application has potential to be a green and sustainable technology for increasing plant productivity and reducing accumulation of toxic metals in heavy metal polluted soils.