CMOS-compatible all-optical modulator based on the saturable absorption of graphene

Graphene resting on a silicon-on-insulator platform offers great potential for optoelectronic devices.In the paper,we demonstrate all-optical modulation on the graphene-silicon hybrid waveguides (GSHWs) with tens of micrometers in length.Owing to strong interaction between graphene and silicon strip waveguides with compact light confinement,the modulation depth reaches 22.7%with a saturation threshold down to 1.38 pJ per pulse and a 30-μm-long graphene pad.A response time of 1.65 ps is verified by a pump-probe measurement with an energy consumption of 2.1 pJ.The complementary metal-oxide semiconductor compatible GSHWs with the strip configuration exhibit great potential for ultrafast and broadband all-optical modulation,indicating that employing two-dimensional materials has become a complementary technology to promote the silicon photonic platform.