<正>Complex systems are the systems that consist of a great many diverse and autonomous but interacting andinterdependentcomponentswhoseaggregate behaviors are nonlinear. As phased by Aristotle,"the whole is more than the sum of its parts;" properties of complex systems are not a simple summation of their individual parts.Complex systems are widespread. Typical examplesofcomplexsystemscanbefoundinthehuman brain,flockingformationofmigratingbirds,power grid,transportationsystems,autonomousvehicles,social networks, and communication networks.Complex systems have some distinct properties,