Susceptible conditions for debarking by deer in subalpine coniferous forests in central Japan

Background:Recently,deer have expanded their distribution to higher altitude ranges including subalpine forests.However,culling deer and construction of deer fence in subalpine forests are difficult because of steep slopes and complex topography.Thus it is necessary to clarify the factors which are associated with debarking by deer for the effective protection of subalpine forests.In this study,we examined which factors are associated with debarking by sika deer(Cervus nippon) in subalpine coniferous forests.Methods:We conducted our survey in Minami-Alps National Park,central Japan.We established 24 10 m ×40 m plots and surveyed the occurrence of debarking on saplings >30 cm in height and <3 cm in diameter at breast height(DBH) and on trees >3 cm in DBH,as well as sapling density within each plot.Minimum distances to nearest grassland of plots were calculated(tentatively assuming grassland would attract deer and would cause high debarking pressure in the surrounding subalpine forests).Results:The mean percentage of debarked live saplings was higher than that of live trees.The mean percentage of debarked saplings which had already died was 81.6%.Debarking of saplings increased with lower elevation,taller sapling size,and marginally increased near grassland.Sapling density was lower in plots with low basal area of conspecific trees near grassland and differed among species.Sapling density marginally decreased with decreasing elevation and increasing stand tree density.Debarking of trees was positively related to small DBH and low elevation,and marginally increased near grassland and differed among species.Conclusions:Our results suggest that tall saplings in subalpine forests of low elevation or near subalpine grassland were susceptible to debarking by deer and monitoring of these areas may permit the early detection of the impacts of deer in subalpine coniferous forests.