China’s major S&T breakthroughs are S&T innovations and progress with major influences on China’s S&T and socioeconomic development,mainly comprising:(1)Original innovation with significant contributions to world S&T advances,or pioneering major achievements in world S&T development standing the test of time,or solutions to major S&T problems generally recognized by S&T community,or those S&T achievements that open up new research directions and become international hotspots,for instance,synthetic crystalline bovine insulin,Goldbach Conjecture verification,theory of petroleum origin,and discovery of large oil and gas fi elds;(2)Key technological breakthroughs to overcome hightech barriers to trade;or those bringing about industrial leapfrog development in China;or contributing greatly to
