Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Herbivores and Its Stimulation to Major Insect Pests in Rice

Nitrogen is one of the most important factors in development of herbivore populations.The application of nitrogen fertilizer in plants can normally increase herbivore feeding preference,food consumption,survival,growth,reproduction,and population density,except few examples that nitrogen fertilizer reduces the herbivore performances.In most of the rice growing areas in Asia,the great increases in populations of major insect pests of rice,including planthoppers(Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera),leaffolder(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis),and stem borers(Scirpophaga incertulas,Chilo suppressalis,S.innotata,C.polychrysus and Sesamia inferens)were closely related to the long-term excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers.The optimal regime of nitrogen fertilizer in irrigated paddy fields is proposed to improve the fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency and reduce the environmental pollution.