Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular disease

Epidemiological studies have found that low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels may be associated with coronary risk factors and adverse cardiovascular outcomes.Additionally,vitamin D deficiency causes an increase in parathyroid hormone,which increases insulin resistance and is associated with diabetes,hypertension,inflammation,and increased cardiovascular risk.In this review,we analyze the association between vitamin D supplementation and the reduction in cardiovascular disease.The role of vitamin D deficiency in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is still controversial,and larger scale,randomized placebo controlled trials are needed to investigate whether oral vitamin D supplementation can reduce cardiovascular risk.Given the low cost,safety,and demonstrated benefit of higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels,vitamin D supplementation should become a public health priority for combating common and costly chronic cardiovascular diseases.