Effects of tree diversity on insect herbivory

Tree diversity has long been considered a key driver of insect herbivory in forest ecosystems.However,studies have given contradictory results:increased tree diversity can have positive,negative or neutral effects on insect herbivory.Since many issues can complicate the treeherbivore interactions,the descriptor 'tree diversity' per se actually has only limited explanatory power for insect herbivory.Particularly,in addition to the direct bottom-up effects on insect herbivores,tree diversity may have stronger indirect top-down effects via natural enemies of insect herbivores.However,most research has addressed only direct bottom-up impacts.In fact,insect herbivory is the result of complex interactions(food webs) among all the species in a community.Although it is hard to integrate all functionally important species and dynamic information into food webs,the effects of tree diversity on insect herbivory are highly dependent on the dominant species at different trophic levels.It is important and practical to simultaneously consider the characteristics of main trees,herbivores,and natural enemies when attempting to predict the overall effects of forest tree diversity on insect herbivory.In order to ensure comparability between studies,it is necessary to classify them according to the descriptors of insect herbivory and tree diversity,and to compare results within each category.These measures might enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which tree diversity drives insect herbivory and,in turn,help to develop sustainable pest management strategies for forests.