Near-infrared spectroscopy for evaluation of global and skeletal muscle tissue oxygenation

Non-invasive clinical examination has well-recognized limitations in detecting compensated and uncompensated low flow states and their severity.This paper describes the principles of near-infrared absorption spectroscopy(NIRS)and the basis for its proposed use in heart failure/cardiogenic and septic shock to assess global and regional tissue oxygenation.The vascular occlusion test is explained.Limitations of NIRS,current controversies,and what is necessary in the future to make this technology a part of the initial and ongoing assessment of a patient are also discussed.The ultimate goal of such techniques is to prevent miss-assessment and inadequate resuscitation of patients,two major factors in the development of multisystem organ failure and death.