Nanomaterials for sustainable agriculture: Plant physiology and environmental resilience

Nanomaterials are reshaping plant sciences with transformative applications in physiology, growth, and development. Leveraging their nanoscale dimensions and unique physicochemical properties. NMs enhance photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and stress resilience, thereby addressing critical challenges in modern agriculture. These materials, categorized by shape, size, composition, and morphology, include carbon-based, inorganic, organic, and composite NMs, interact with plant physiological processes by regulating phytohormonal networks, modulating stomatal behavior, enhancing water use efficiency, and influencing chlorophyll synthesis and carbon fixation. Their interaction spans precise agrochemical delivery, mitigation of abiotic stress, and promotes metabolic homeostasis through Nanozymes. NMs also support advanced technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing and pollen magnetofection, foster rhizospheric interactions, regulate phytohormonal networks, and enhance soil microbial communities. Additionally, their applications extend to nano-bionic plants for enhanced photosynthesis, environmental monitoring, and pollutant remediation, and nanosensors enable real-time detection of pesticides, heavy metals, and pathogens, providing precise agrochemical delivery, mitigating abiotic stress and significantly impacting plant phenology and overall physiological functionality, paving the way for sustainable agricultural advancements.