Ecosystem services management of urban forest for sustainable cities: Study case province of Cordoba, Spain

This study evaluates the contributions of urban trees in public spaces to urban sustainability in the province of Co<acute accent>rdoba, Spain, focusing on four municipalities: La Rambla, Montilla, Lucena, and Benameji. The research emphasizes the ecological, social, and health benefits provided by urban green spaces, such as temperature reduction and allergenicity control. A total of 21 green areas (parks, green roads, and squares) were analysed, with inventories of woody species conducted through field observations and georeferencing. Allergenic potential was assessed using the Urban Green Zone Allergenicity Index (IUZGA), which integrates biological and biometric parameters. Temperature regulation was evaluated by comparing measurements inside and outside green spaces. Results revealed a higher density of individuals in green roads, although parks showed greater surface coverage. Exotic species dominated across all areas, raising concerns about the introduction of allergenic species, particularly those with high allergenic potential such as Cupressus sempervirens and Platanus hispanica. Despite this, entomophilous species with low allergenic potential, such as Citrus aurantium, were prominent in certain areas, highlighting opportunities for improved species selection. Regarding temperature regulation, green spaces reduced heat, with green roads demonstrating the greatest cooling effect. The findings highlight the importance of strategic urban tree planning to maximise ecosystem services, minimise allergenicity and promote sustainable urban development. The study provides practical recommendations to guide urban forest management and contribute to meeting global sustainability goals.