Post-processing techniques to enhance the optical properties of 3D printed photonic devices

This review focuses on the critical role of post-processing techniques in enhancing the performance of 3D printed photonic components. While 3D printing enables the fabrication of complex optical structures with high customization and geometric freedom, the as-printed parts often lack the surface smoothness, light transmission quality, and dimensional precision required for functional photonics. To bridge this gap, we provide a comprehensive overview of key post-processing methods, including chemical treatments, thermal annealing, laser ablation, polishing, and optical coatings specifically applicable to improving optical quality. We also discuss current challenges in post-processing 3D printed optics, such as high initial costs, long processing times, and material compatibility issues. Advances in material science, computational design, and process optimization are identified as promising avenues for overcoming these limitations. In addition, the review briefly summarizes the 3D printing technologies most relevant to photonics extrusion, powder bed fusion, and vat photopolymerization, highlighting their capabilities in producing highly customized optical components. By focusing on the interface between 3D printing and post-processing, this work offers guidance for developing next-generation optical devices that meet industry standards. These insights are particularly relevant to applications in medical imaging, telecommunications, and optical sensing.