3D Concrete Printing Review: Equipment, Materials, Mix Design, and Properties

3D concrete printing (3DCP) technology holds significant potential to revolutionise traditional concrete production methods, offering designers and architects greater flexibility in creating intricate and innovative structures. Beyond structural applications, 3D printed concrete products encompass decorative elements, customised design solutions, and even artistic installations. The 3DCP process is highly automated, often integrating building information modelling (BIM) systems, minimising the need for manual labour and generating minimal material waste. 3DCP is regarded as one of the most advanced and efficient methods for fabricating concrete components in the future. This paper examines 3DCP technology and equipment, focusing on the selection of binder types, aggregates, and chemical admixtures, suitable for printable concrete mixes. Particular attention is given to the consistency and workability of 3DCP mixtures. Furthermore, the study evaluates the influence of 3D printing parameters on the mechanical properties of hardened concrete. The insights presented in this review contribute to a deeper understanding of 3D concrete printing technologies, equipment, and materials, benefiting researchers, structural engineers, and designers in the pursuit of enhanced durability and performance of 3D printed concrete structures.